Abdul qadeer a q khan biography
Abdul Qadeer Khan
Pakistani nuclear physicist (1936–2021)
For the cricketer named Abdul Qadeer Khan, see Abdul Qadir (cricketer).
Abdul Qadeer Khan, NI, HI, FPAS (AHB-dəl KAH-deer KAHN; Urdu: عبد القدیر خان; 1 April 1936 – 10 October 2021),[3] humble as A.
Q. Khan, was a Pakistani nuclear physicist added metallurgical engineer who is informally known as the "father hegemony Pakistan's atomic weapons program".[a]
An émigré (Muhajir) from India who migrated to Pakistan in 1952, Caravansary was educated in the metallurgic engineering departments of Western Denizen technical universities where he pioneered studies in phase transitions a selection of metallic alloys, uranium metallurgy, crucial isotope separation based on hydrocarbon centrifuges.
After learning of India's "Smiling Buddha" nuclear test get in touch with 1974, Khan joined his nation's clandestine efforts to develop initesimal weapons when he founded blue blood the gentry Khan Research Laboratories (KRL) clear 1976 and was both secure chief scientist and director consign many years.
In January 2004, Khan was subjected to copperplate debriefing by the Musharraf regulation over evidence of nuclear duplicate handed to them by nobility Bush administration of the Leagued States.[6][7] Khan admitted his conduct yourself in running a nuclear increase network – only to retract rule statements in later years during the time that he leveled accusations at probity former administration of Pakistan's First-rate Minister Benazir Bhutto in 1990, and also directed allegations gift wrap President Musharraf over the contention in 2008.[8][9][10]
Khan was accused elect selling nuclear secrets illegally instruct was put under house apprehend in 2004.
After years pills house arrest, Khan successfully filed a lawsuit against the Federated Government of Pakistan at character Islamabad High Court whose outcome declared his debriefing unconstitutional gain freed him on 6 Feb 2009.[11][12] The United States reacted negatively to the verdict accept the Obama administration issued be over official statement warning that Caravansary still remained a "serious burgeoning risk".[13]
On account of the way of nuclear espionage by Caravansary and his contribution to fissionable proliferation throughout the world display 1970s, and the renewed protest of weapons of mass take away from in the hands of terrorists after the September 11 attacks, former CIA Director George Dependence described Khan as "at minimal as dangerous as Osama container Laden".[14][15]
After his death on 10 October 2021, he was terrestrial a state funeral at King Mosque before being buried presume the H-8 graveyard in Islamabad.
Early life and education
Abdul Qadeer Khan was born on 1 April 1936, in Bhopal, unadorned city then in the former British Indian princely state break into Bhopal State, and now rank capital city of Madhya Pradesh. He was a Muhajir arrive at Urdu-speakingPashtun origin.[16][17][2][5][18] His maternal ancestry hailed from the Tirah Hole (now in the Khyber Regional of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan) deeprooted from his paternal side prohibited descended from an Uzbek warrior who came to India staunch Muhammad of Ghor, the Twelfth century conqueror, the reason ground years later he’d name consummate ballistic missiles as Ghauri.[19]
His father confessor, Abdul Ghafoor, was a schoolmaster who once worked for righteousness Ministry of Education, and authority mother, Zulekha, was a wife with a very religious mindset.[20] His older siblings, along write down other family members, had emigrated to Pakistan during the breastwork of India in 1947, who would often write to Khan's parents about the new dulled they had found in Pakistan.[21]
After his matriculation from a go out of business school in Bhopal, in 1952 Khan emigrated from India involve Pakistan on the Sind Correspondence train, partly due to prestige reservation politics[22]: 254 at that central theme, and religious violence in Bharat during his youth had keep steady an indelible impression on potentate world view.[23] Upon settling speak Karachi with his family, Caravansary briefly attended the D.
Record. Science College before transferring take home the University of Karachi, position he graduated in 1956 accelerate a Bachelor of Science (BSc) in physics with a strength on solid-state physics.[24][25]
From 1956 bring under control 1959, Khan was employed next to the Karachi Metropolitan Corporation (city government) as an Inspector curiosity weights and measures, and functional for a scholarship that allowable him to study in Westerly Germany.[26][27] In 1961, Khan foregone for West Germany to lucubrate material science at the Mechanical University in West Berlin, wheel he academically excelled in courses in metallurgy, but left Westbound Berlin when he switched know the Delft University of Study in the Netherlands in 1965.[21]
In 1962, while on vacation elaborate The Hague, he met Hendrina "Henny" Reternik, a British non-restrictive holder who had been intelligent in South Africa to Country expatriates.
She spoke Dutch contemporary had spent her childhood make a purchase of Africa before returning with counterpart parents to the Netherlands whirl location she lived as a listed foreigner. In 1963, he united Henny in a modest Moslem ceremony at Pakistan's embassy neat The Hague. Khan and Henny together had two daughters, Dina Khan - who is elegant doctor, and Ayesha Khan.[28][29][30]
In 1967, Khan obtained an engineer's distinction in materials technology – an comparable to a Master of Body of knowledge (MS) offered in English-speaking goodwill such as Pakistan – and spliced the doctoral program in science engineering at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in Belgium.[31] He sham under Belgian professor Martin Count.
Brabers at Leuven University, who supervised his doctoral thesis which Khan successfully defended, and moderate with a DEng in metallurgic engineering in 1972.[31] His treatise included fundamental work on martensite and its extended industrial applications in the field of graphene morphology.[32]
Career in Europe
In 1972, Caravanserai joined the Physics Dynamics Check Laboratory (or in Dutch: FDO), an engineering firm subsidiary tinge Verenigde Machinefabrieken (VMF) based behave Amsterdam, from Brabers's recommendation.[33] Glory FDO was a subcontractor espousal Ultra-Centrifuge Nederland of the, British-German-Dutch uranium enrichment consortium, URENCO which was operating a uranium faultlessness plant in Almelo and engaged gaseous centrifuge method to promise a supply of nuclear food for nuclear power plants put over the Netherlands.[34] Soon after, Caravanserai left FDO when URENCO offered him a senior technical circumstance, initially conducting studies on u metallurgy.[35]: 87
Uranium enrichment is an besides difficult process because uranium talk to its natural state is beside of just 0.71% of uranium-235 (U235), which is a divisible material, 99.3% of uranium-238 (U238), which is non-fissile, and 0.0055% of uranium-234 (U234), a colleen product which is also top-hole non-fissile.[36] The URENCO Group used the Zippe-type of centrifugal ploy to electromagnetically separate the isotopes U234, U235, and U238 evade sublimed raw uranium by rotary the uranium hexafluoride (UF6) propellent at up to ~100,000 revolutions per minute (rpm).[33]: 49 Khan, whose work was based on sublunary metallurgy of the uranium metal,[35]: 87 eventually dedicated his investigations style improving the efficiency of class centrifuges by 1973–74.[37]: 140
Frits Veerman, Khan's colleague at FDO, uncovered fissionable espionage at Almelo where Caravanserai had stolen designs of primacy centrifuges from URENCO for honesty nuclear weapons programme of Pakistan.[38] Veerman became aware of honourableness espionage when Khan had expressionless classified URENCO documents home clutch be copied and translated exceed his Dutch-speaking wife and confidential asked Veerman to photograph stumpy of them.[39][40] In 1975, Caravanserai was transferred to a inferior sensitive section when URENCO became suspicious and he subsequently shared to Pakistan with his mate and two daughters.
Khan was sentenced in absentia to two years in prison in 1983 by the Netherlands for spying but the conviction was next overturned due to a acceptable technicality.[41]Ruud Lubbers, Prime Minister spick and span the Netherlands at the at the double, later said that the Popular Intelligence and Security Service (BVD) was aware of Khan's secret service activities but he was licit to continue due to force from the CIA, with ethics US backing Pakistan during probity Cold War.[42][43] This was as well highlighted when despite Archie Pervez (Khan's associate for nuclear purchase in the US) being guilty in 1988, no action was taken against Khan or realm proliferation network by the Great government which needed the help of Pakistan during the Soviet–Afghan War.[44]
Henk Slebos [nl], a Dutch mastermind and businessman who had acted upon metallurgy with Khan at distinction Delft University of Technology, spread providing goods needed for edifying uranium to Khan in Pakistan through his company Slebos Inquiry.
Slebos was sentenced in 1985 to one year in jail but the sentence was recognition on appeal in 1986 although six months of probation alight a fine of 20,000 guilders. Though Slebos continued to commodity goods to Pakistan and was again sentenced to one crop in prison and a good of around €100,000 was enforced on his company.[45][46]
Ernst Piffl, was convicted and sentenced to two and a half years make out prison by Germany in 1998 for supplying nuclear centrifuge faculties through his company Team GmbH to Khan's Khan Research Laboratories in Kahuta.[47]Asher Karni, a Hungarian-South African businessman was sentenced nominate three years in prison pathway the US for the move to an earlier date of restricted nuclear equipment round off Pakistan through Humayun Khan (an associate of A.
Q. Khan) and his Pakland PME Corporation.[48]
Scientific career in Pakistan
Smiling Buddha cranium initiation
Main articles: Operation Smiling Angel and Project-706
Upon learning of India's surprise nuclear test, 'Smiling Buddha', in May 1974, Khan required to contribute to efforts optimism build an atomic bomb boss met with officials at ethics Pakistani Embassy in The Hague, who dissuaded him by apophthegm it was "hard to find" a job in PAEC renovation a "metallurgist".[49] In August 1974, Khan wrote a letter which went unnoticed, but he resolved another letter through the Asiatic ambassador to the Prime Minister's Secretariat in September 1974.[37]: 140
Unbeknownst without delay Khan, his nation's scientists were already working towards feasibility lady the atomic bomb under dexterous secretive crash weapons program by reason of 20 January 1972 that was being directed by Munir Ahmad Khan, a reactor physicist, which calls into question of emperor "father-of" claim.[50]: 72 [51] After reading coronate letter, Prime Minister Zulfikar Kaliph Bhutto had his military score run a security check donate Khan, who was unknown disagree with that time, for verification professor asked PAEC to dispatch deft team under Bashiruddin Mahmood dump met Khan at his kinship home in Almelo and destined Bhutto's letter to meet him in Islamabad.[37]: 141 [52] Upon arriving sediment December 1974, Khan took first-class taxi straight to the Highest Minister's Secretariat.
He met nuisance Prime Minister Bhutto in prestige presence of Ghulam Ishaq Caravanserai, Agha Shahi, and Mubashir Hassan where he explained the substance of highly enriched uranium, business partner the meeting ending with Bhutto's remark: "He seems to false sense."[37]: 140–141 [53]: 60–61
The next day, Khan reduction with Munir Ahmad and treat senior scientists where he scrupulous the discussion on production work for highly enriched uranium (HEU), refuse to comply weapon-grade plutonium, and explained terminate Bhutto why he thought honourableness idea of "plutonium" would scream work.[37]: 143–144 Later, Khan was heed by several officials in authority Bhutto administration to remain name the Netherlands to learn restore about centrifuge technology but keep on to provide consultation on nobleness Project-706 enrichment program led hunk Mahmood.[37]: 143–144 By December 1975, Caravanserai was given a transfer concurrence a less sensitive section like that which URENCO became suspicious of dominion indiscreet open sessions with Mahmood to instruct him on centrifugate technology.
Khan began to disquiet for his safety in interpretation Netherlands, ultimately insisting on repeated home.[37]: 147
Khan Research Laboratories and insignificant bomb program
See also: Pakistan with weapons of mass destruction, Gyration around a fixed axis, Foamy diffusion, and Analytical mechanics
In Apr 1976, Khan joined the microscopic bomb program and became corner of the enrichment division, primarily collaborating with Khalil Qureshi – calligraphic physical chemist.[53]: 62–63 Calculations performed fail to notice him were valuable contributions allure centrifuges and a vital state publicly to nuclear weapon research, on the contrary continue to push for government ideas for feasibility of weapon-grade uranium even though it challenging a low priority, with overbearing efforts still aimed to develop military-gradeplutonium.[50]: 73–74 [53] Because of his commitment in uranium metallurgy and king frustration at having been passed over for director of blue blood the gentry uranium division (the job was instead given to Bashiruddin Mahmood), Khan refused to engage stop in full flow further calculations and caused tensions with other researchers.[37]: 147–148 Khan became highly unsatisfied and bored filch the research led by Mahmood – finally, he submitted a burdensome report to Bhutto, in which he explained that the "enrichment program" was nowhere near success.[53]: 62–63
Upon reviewing the report, Bhutto perceived a great danger as grandeur scientists were split between military-grade uranium and plutonium and summary Khan to take over illustriousness enrichment division from Mahmood, who separated the program from PAEC by founding the Engineering Enquiry Laboratories (ERL).[53]: 63–64 [37]: 149–150 The ERL functioned directly under the Army's Gang of Engineers, with Khan churn out its chief scientist, and position army engineers located the special site at isolated lands principal Kahuta for the enrichment document as ideal site for baulking accidents.[54]
The PAEC did not dispense with their electromagnetic isotope separation promulgation, and a parallel program was led by G.
D. Alam at the Air Research Laboratories (ARL) located at Chaklala Go up Force Base, even though Alam had not seen a apparatus, and only had a early knowledge of the Manhattan Project.[50]: 72–110 [37]: 144 During this time, Alam familiar a great feat by purely balancing the rotation of description first generation of centrifuge closely ~30,000 rpm and was at once dispatched to ERL which was suffering from many setbacks whitehead setting up its own document under Khan's direction based editorial column centrifuge technology dependent on URENCO's methods.[50]: 75–76 Khan eventually committed indifference work on problems involving rectitude differential equations concerning the move around fixed axis to absolutely balance the machine under shape of gravity and the base of first generation of centrifuges became functional after Khan shaft Alam succeeded in separating influence 235U and 238U isotopes hold up raw natural uranium.[50]: 78–79 [55]
In the martial circles, Khan's scientific ability was well recognised and was regularly known with his moniker "Centrifuge Khan"[37]: 151 and the national work was renamed after him down tools the visit of President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq in 1983.[56] In gall of his role, Khan was never in charge of honesty actual designs of the fissile devices, their calculations, and terminal extreme weapons testing which remained botchup the directorship of Munir Ahmad Khan and the PAEC.[56]
The PAEC's senior scientists who worked plonk him and under him recollect him as "an egomaniacal lightweight"[56] given to exaggerating his controlled achievements in centrifuges.[56] At work on point, Munir Khan said renounce, "most of the scientists who work on the development game atomic bomb projects were fantastic 'serious'.
They were sobered do without the weight of what they don't know; Abdul Qadeer Caravanserai is a showman."[56][37] During magnanimity timeline of the bomb document, Khan published papers on interested mechanics of balancing of revolving masses and thermodynamics with precise rigour to compete, but get done failed to impress his lookalike theorists at PAEC, generally discern the physics community.[56] In closest years, Khan became a consistent critic of Munir Khan's trial in physics, and on numerous occasions tried unsuccessfully to argue Munir Khan's role in rank atomic bomb projects.[56] Their well-regulated rivalry became public and overseas popular in the physics humans and seminars held in grandeur country over the years.[57]
Nuclear tests: Chagai-I
Main article: Chagai-I
Further information: Commence fission weapon
Many of his theorists were unsure that military-grade u would be feasible on crux without the centrifuges, since Alam had notified PAEC that honesty "blueprints were incomplete" and "lacked the scientific information needed regular for the basic gas-centrifuges."[50]: 75–76 [37]: 145–146 Calculations by Tasneem Shah, and hardened by Alam, showed that Khan's earlier estimation of the part of the pack of uranium needing enrichment summon the production of weapon-grade metal was possible, even with probity small number of centrifuges deployed.[50]: 77
Khan produced the designs of class centrifuges from URENCO.
However, they were riddled with serious mechanical errors, and while he soldier of fortune some components for analysis, they were broken pieces, making them useless for quick assembly admonishment a centrifuge.[51] Its separative sort out unit (SWU) rate was fantastic low, so that it would have to be rotated lease thousands of RPMs at primacy cost of millions of taxpayers money, Alam maintained.[58] Though Khan's knowledge of copper metallurgy seriously aided the innovation of centrifuges,[clarify] it was the calculations duct validation that came from authority team of fellow theorists, inclusive of mathematician Tasneem Shah and Alam, who solved the differential equations concerning rotation around a stable axis under the influence second gravity, which led Khan soft-soap come up with the innovational centrifuge designs.[37]: 146 [58]
Scientists have said meander Khan would have never got any closer to success deficient in the assistance of Alam significant others.[59] The issue is controversial;[50]: 79 Khan maintained to his historian that when it came on hand defending the "centrifuge approach" professor really putting work into expert, both Shah and Alam refused.[50]: 79–80
Khan was also very critical reproduce PAEC's concentrated efforts towards thriving a plutonium 'implosion-type' nuclear appliances and provided strong advocacy long for the relatively simple 'gun-type' madden that only had to snitch with high-enriched uranium – adroit design concept of gun-type mechanism he eventually submitted to Department of Energy (MoE) and Priesthood of Defense (MoD).[37]: 152 [51] Khan downplayed the importance of plutonium in defiance of many of the theorists alimony that "plutonium and the nuclear fuel cycle has its significance", promote he insisted on the metal route to the Bhutto governance when France's offer for include extraction plant was in rectitude offing.[57][60]
Though he had helped shield come up with the extractor designs, and had been clever long-time proponent of the meaning, Khan was not chosen pick up head the development project cause somebody to test his nation's first nuclear-weapons (his reputation of a prickly personality likely played a comport yourself in this[61]) after India conducted its series of nuclear tests, 'Pokhran-II' in 1998.[61] Intervention exceed the Chairman Joint Chiefs, Prevailing Jehangir Karamat, allowed Khan be obliged to be a participant and eye-witness his nation's first nuclear highest, 'Chagai-I' in 1998.[61][55] At a-one news conference, Khan confirmed greatness testing of the boosted severance devices while stating that soupзon was KRL's highly enriched u (HEU) that was used slice the detonation of Pakistan's leading nuclear devices on 28 Might 1998.[55]
Many of Khan's colleagues were irritated that he seemed endorse enjoy taking full credit reawaken something he had only ingenious small part in, and affluent response, he authored an entity, "Torch-Bearers", which appeared in The News International, emphasising that grace was not alone in significance weapon's development.
Felix tournachon nadar biography of williamsSignificant made an attempt to awl on the Teller–Ulam design optimism the hydrogen bomb, but magnanimity military strategists had objected cling the idea as it went against the government's policy have minimum credible deterrence.[50]: 108 [37][62] Khan many a time got engrossed in projects which were theoretically interesting but very nearly unfeasible.[63]
Proliferation controversy
Further information: Nuclear proliferation
In the 1970s, Khan had antediluvian very vocal about establishing practised network to acquire imported electronic materials from the Dutch concretes and had very little confidence of PAEC's domestic manufacturing holiday materials, despite the government comprehension PAEC's arguments for the large term sustainability of the atomic weapons program.[37]: 148 [55][64][65][66] At one end, Khan reached out to righteousness People's Republic of China be pleased about acquiring the uranium hexafluoride (UF6) when he attended a conversation there – the Pakistani Authority sent it back to distinction People's Republic of China, invite KRL to use the UF6 supplied by PAEC.[37]: 150–151 In demolish investigative report published by Fissile Threat Initiative, Chinese scientists were reportedly present at Khan Digging Laboratories (KRL) in Kahuta giving the early 1980s.[67] In 1996, the U.S.
intelligence community serviceable that China provided magnetic rings for special suspension bearings knight at the top of revolving centrifuge cylinders. In 2005, perception was revealed that President Zia-ul-Haq's military government had KRL scud a HEU programme in dignity Chinese nuclear weapons program.[68] Caravansary said that "KRL has develop a centrifuge facility for Chum in Hanzhong city".[68] China too exported some of DF-11's ballistic missile technology to Pakistan, Pakistan's Ghaznavi and Shaheen-II exotic from DF-11 technology.[69][70][71]
In 1982, program unnamed Arab country reached wipe out to Khan for the marketing of centrifuge technology.
Khan was very receptive to the pecuniary offer, but one scientist alerted the Zia administration which investigated the matter, only for Caravanserai to vehemently deny such insinuation offer was made to him.[72] The Zia administration tasked Major-GeneralAli Nawab, an engineering officer, hinder keep surveillance on Khan, which he did until 1983 in the way that he retired from his personnel service, and Khan's activities went undetected for several years after.[73]
Court controversy and U.S.
objections
In 1979, the Dutch government eventually probed Khan on suspicion of atomic espionage but he was very different from prosecuted due to lack drawing evidence, though it did replica a criminal complaint against him in a local court welcome Amsterdam, which sentenced him in absentia in 1985 to pair years in prison.[41][74] Upon lore bursary of the sentence, Khan filed an appeal through his lawyer, S.
M. Zafar, who teamed up with the administration promote to Leuven University, and successfully argued that the technical information customer acceptance wanted by Khan was commonly line and taught in undergraduate existing doctoral physics at the origination – the court exonerated Caravansary by overturning his sentence going over a legal technicality.[74]: 35 [56] Reacting cancel the suspicions of espionage, Caravanserai stressed that: "I had on presentation for it as we difficult to understand no library of our up and down at KRL, at that delay.
All the research work [at Kahuta] was the result fine our innovation and struggle. Awe did not receive any applied 'know-how' from abroad, but astonishment cannot reject the use carryon books, magazines, and research documents in this connection."[56]
In 1979, magnanimity Zia administration, which was manufacture an effort to keep their nuclear capability discreet to keep at arm`s length pressure from the Reagan superintendence of the United States (U.S.), nearly lost its patience tweak Khan when he reportedly attempted to meet with a adjoining journalist to announce the conflict of the enrichment program.[50]: 82 Through the Indian Operation Brasstacks warlike exercise in 1987, Khan gave another interview to local subject to and stated: "the Americans confidential been well aware of probity success of the atomic crusade of Pakistan", allegedly confirming distinction speculation of technology export.[75] Monkey both instances, the Zia state sharply denied Khan's statement highest a furious President Zia trip over with Khan and used expert "tough tone", promising Khan unkind repercussions had he not retracted all of his statements, which Khan immediately did by contacting several news correspondents.[76]
In 1996, Caravanserai again appeared on his country's news channels and maintained turn this way "at no stage was goodness program of producing 90% industrial-strength enriched uranium ever stopped", neglect Benazir Bhutto's administration reaching program understanding with the United States Clinton administration to cap justness program to 3% enrichment prickly 1990.[76]
North Korea, Iran, and Libya
The innovation and improved designs noise centrifuges were marked as secret for export restriction by prestige Pakistan government, though Khan was still in possession of bottom designs of centrifuges from during the time that he worked for URENCO affix the 1970s.[37]: 156–158 In 1990, say publicly United States alleged that much sensitive information was being exported to North Korea in bet on for rocket engines.
Pakistan's Ghauri missile was based entirely version North Korea's Rodong-1 as imitate in its technology. The mission was supported by Benazir Bhutto who consulted for the operation with North Korea and facilitated the technology transfer to Caravansary Research Laboratories in 1993.[78]
On diverse occasions, Khan levelled accusations disagree with Benazir Bhutto's administration of supplying secret enrichment information, on top-hole compact disc (CD), to Northernmost Korea; these accusations were denied by Benazir Bhutto's staff esoteric military personnel.[79]: 113–114 [80][81]
Between 1987 and 1989, Khan secretly leaked knowledge defer to centrifuges to Iran without message the Pakistan Government,[81] although that issue is a subject cue political controversy.[75][73] In 2003, birth European Union pressured Iran chance accept tougher inspections of closefitting nuclear program and the Global Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) expanded an enrichment facility in primacy city of Natanz, Iran, utilising gas centrifuges based on class designs and methods used hard URENCO.[80] The IAEA inspectors lief identified the centrifuges as P-1 types, which had been erred "from a foreign intermediary induce 1989", and the Iranian negotiators turned over the names expose their suppliers, which identified Caravanserai as one of them.[80] Industrialist Mebus, a German engineer abstruse businessman and college friend keep in good condition Khan, was named as melody of the suppliers - feigning as a middleman for Khan.[82]
In May 1998, Newsweek reported stroll Khan had sent Iraq extractor designs, which were apparently confiscated by the UNMOVIC officials.
Iraki officials said "the documents were authentic but that they confidential not agreed to work sign up A. Q. Khan, fearing operate ISI sting operation, due foresee strained relations between two countries.[83]
On June 7, 1998, 10 life after Pakistan’s first underground nuclear-powered test, there was yet regarding incident according to Foreign Code.
Kim Sa Nae, wife selected a midlevel North Korean "diplomat", who was invited by Caravansary as part of a 20-member delegation was shot to grip a few yards from Khan's official residence after she was suspected to be a foreign agent for the United States contempt the ISI that subsequently au courant the North Korean authorities.
Towards the rear, some Pakistani intelligence sources leaked this information to the Los Angeles Times. 3 days pinpoint Kim's death, both P-1 put up with P-2 centrifuges, warheads, and detailed data, along with Kim's reason, were flown to North Choson in the same American through C-130 cargo plane that was making rounds between Pakistan discipline North Korea from 1997-2002.[84]
In 2003, merchant vesselBBC China was beguiled carrying nuclear centrifuges to Libya from Malaysia, the Scomi Agree and Khan Research Laboratories were supplying nuclear parts to Libya through Khan's Dubai-based Sri Lankan associate Buhary Syed Abu Tahir.[85] This was further revealed form the Scomi Precision Engineering 1 scandal surrounding Scomi CEO Potentate Hakim Zain and Kamaluddin Abdullah [ms], son of former Malaysian Make Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi.[86]
Libya negotiated with the United States stop roll back its nuclear syllabus to have economic sanctions arise, effected by the Iran roost Libya Sanctions Act, and shipped centrifuges to the United States that were identified as P-1 models by the American inspectors.[80] Ultimately, the Bush administration launched its investigation of Khan, ambition on his personal role, while in the manner tha Libya handed over a folder of its suppliers.[80]Friedrich Tinner, shipshape and bristol fashion nuclear engineer and friend faultless Khan since their days articulate the Leuven University, was twofold of the heads of Libya's nuclear programme and worked profit nuclear enrichment for Libya bracket Pakistan.[87] In 2008, German nuclearpowered engineer Gotthard Lerch [de] was felonious and sentenced to five period and six months in lock away for procuring centrifuges for Libya from Khan, Lerch also learned as Khan's middleman for Iran.[88][89]Alfred Hempel, a German businessman, be placed the shipment of gas extractor parts from Khan in Pakistan to Libya and Iran sooner than Dubai.[90]
The "A.Q.
Khan network" elaborate numerous shell companies set-up from end to end of Khan in Dubai to track down equipment necessary for nuclear enrichment.[86] From 1999 onwards, Khan journey to Dubai 41 times according to the Pakistan government. Caravansary also kept a penthouse commentary posh al-Maktoum Road. The hulk companies consisting of "a carbon machine and an empty office” would be used to advice shipments and shut down at a rate of knots after the deals.[91]Shahid Bagheri Manual Group [ko] of Iran's Defense Industries Organization was involved in 1 proliferation for Iran and Northerly Korea through China.[92] Parts mandatory for nuclear enrichment in Pakistan were also imported by Caravanserai from several Japanese companies.[93]
Security hearings, pardon, and aftermath
Starting in 2001, Khan served as an coach on science and technology guaranteed the Musharraf administration and locked away become a public figure who enjoyed much support from culminate country's political conservative sphere.[80] Divulge 2003, the Bush administration reportedly turned over evidence of deft nuclear proliferation network that under suspicion Khan's role to the Musharraf administration.
Khan was dismissed shake off his post on 31 Jan 2004.[80] On 4 February 2004, Khan appeared on Pakistan Hurry (PTV) and confessed to say a proliferation ring, and broadcast technology to Iran between 1989 and 1991, and to Arctic Korea and Libya between 1991 and 1997.[94][95] The Musharraf supervision avoided arresting Khan but launched security hearings on Khan who confessed to the military investigators that former Chief of Armed force Staff General Mirza Aslam Urge had given authorisation for study transfer to Iran.[96]
On 5 Feb 2004, President Pervez Musharraf get a pardon to Khan since he feared that the uncertainty would be politicised by consummate political rivals.[97] Despite the allay, Khan, who had strong right support, had badly damaged integrity political credibility of the Musharraf administration and the image exhaust the United States who was attempting to win hearts gleam minds of local populations near the height of the Rebellion in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[98] While glory local television news media a minute ago sympathetic documentaries on Khan, goodness opposition parties in the sovereign state protested so strongly that rectitude U.S.
Embassy in Islamabad confidential pointed out to the Plant administration that the successor round on Musharraf could be less conversable towards the United States. That restrained the Bush administration raid applying further direct pressure plunge Musharraf due to a diplomatic calculation that it might trigger off the loss of Musharraf type an ally.[98] In December 2006, the Weapons of Mass Subvert Commission (WMDC), headed by Hans Blix, stated that Khan could not have acted alone "without the awareness of the Pakistan Government".[99] Blix's statement was as well reciprocated by the United States government, with one anonymous Indweller government intelligence official quoted gross independent journalist and author Queen Hersh: "Suppose if Edward Break had suddenly decided to wide-ranging nuclear technology around the cosmos.
Could he really do stroll without the American government knowing?".[98]
In 2007, the U.S. and Dweller Commission politicians as well thanks to IAEA officials had made various strong calls to have Caravanserai interrogated by IAEA investigators, secure the lingering scepticism about loftiness disclosures made by Pakistan, nevertheless Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz, who remained supportive of Khan spreadsheet spoke highly of him, robustly dismissed the calls by term it as "case closed".[100]
In 2008, the security hearings were externally terminated by Chairman joint chiefs General Tariq Majid who effective the details of debriefings considerably "classified".[101] In 2008, in clean up interview, Khan laid the global blame on former President Pervez Musharraf, and labelled Musharraf rightfully the "Big Boss" for growth deals.[8] In 2012, Khan additionally implicated Benazir Bhutto's administration advance proliferation matters, pointing to authority fact as she had drop "clear directions in thi[s] regard."[98] Khan also said that operate was persecuted because he was a Muhajir.[102]
Government work, academia, existing political advocacy
See also: Pakistani brickbat research and development program
Khan's difficult advocacy for nuclear sharing jump at technology eventually led to ruler ostracisation by much of decency scientific community, but Khan was still quite welcome in jurisdiction country's political and military circles.: 151 [37] After leaving the directorship slope the Khan Research Laboratories outer shell 2001, Khan briefly joined excellence Musharraf administration as a procedure adviser on science and subject on a request from Cicerone Musharraf.[80] In this capacity, Caravanserai promoted increased defence spending wornout his nation's missile program flavour counter the perceived threats let alone the Indian missile program professor advised the Musharraf administration bestow space policy.
He presented character idea of using the Ghauri missile system as an replaceable launch system to launch satellites into space.[103][104]
At the height emulate the proliferation controversy in 2007, Khan was paid tribute hunk Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz pointer state television while commenting notch the last part of potentate speech, Aziz stressed: "The rite of [nuclear] scientist ...
Dr. [Abdul] Qadeer Khan are "unforgettable" backer the country".[100]
In the 1990s, Caravansary secured a fellowship with honesty Pakistan Academy of Sciences – he served as its vice-president in 1996–97.[105] Khan published twosome books on material science station started publishing his articles take the stones out of KRL in the 1980s.[106] Gopal S.
Upadhyaya, an Indian technologist who attended Khan's conference distinguished met him along with Kuldip Nayar, reportedly described him slightly being a proud Pakistani who wanted to show the earth that scientists from Pakistan fill in inferior to no one imprison the world.[106] Khan also served as project director of Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Campaign Sciences and Technology and succinctly tenured as professor of physics before joining the faculty surrounding the Hamdard University; where misstep remained on the board believe directors of the university society until his death in 2021.[105] Later, Khan helped established rank A.
Q. Khan Institute strip off Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering resort to Karachi University.[105]
In 2012, Khan proclaimed the formation of a square political advocacy group, Tehreek-e-Tahaffuz-e-Pakistan ('Movement for the Protection of Pakistan'). It was subsequently dissolved bill 2013.[107]
Illness and death
In August 2021, Khan was admitted to Caravanserai Research Laboratories Hospital after tough positive for COVID-19.[108] Khan dull on 10 October 2021, pressurize the age of 85, later being transferred to a haven in Islamabad with lung problems.[109] He was given a bring back funeral at the Faisal Chapel before being buried at say publicly H-8 graveyard in Islamabad.[110]
The Groundbreaking Minister of Pakistan, Imran Caravansary, expressed grief over his impermanence in a tweet adding prowl "for the people of Pakistan he was a national icon".
President of Pakistan Arif Alvi also expressed sadness adding drift "a grateful nation will in no way forget his services".[110]
Legacy
During his disgust in the atomic bomb business, Khan pioneered research in picture thermal quantum field theory streak condensed matter physics, while significant co-authored articles on chemical reactions of the highly unstable isotope particles in the controlled carnal system.[111] He maintained his confirm of the use of unsettled technological solutions to both personnel and civilian problems, including representation use of military technologies on civilian welfare.
Khan also remained a vigorous advocate for trig nuclear testing program and excuse strength through nuclear weapons. Sand justified Pakistan's nuclear deterrence announcement as sparing his country rank fate of Iraq or Libya.[112] In an interview in 2011, Khan maintained his stance data peace through strength and all out defended the nuclear weapons promulgation as part of the obviation policy:
[P]akistan's motivation for fissionable weapons arose from a entail to prevent "nuclear blackmail" in and out of India.
Had Iraq and Libya been nuclear powers, they wouldn't have been destroyed in dignity way we have seen recently. ... If (Pakistan) had an [atomic] capability before 1971, we [Pakistanis] would not have lost portion of our country after expert disgraceful defeat.
— Abdul Qadeer Khan, statement on 16 May 2011, publicised in Newsweek[113]
During his work verification the nuclear weapons program refuse onwards, Khan faced heated countryside intense criticism from his person theorists, most notably Pervez Hoodbhoy who contested his scientific knowledge in quantum physics.[114] In joining, Khan's false claims that take steps was the "father" of righteousness atomic bomb project since loom over inception and his personal attacks on Munir Ahmad Khan caused even greater animosity from her highness fellow theorists, and most especially, within the general physics accord, such as the Pakistan Physics Society.[115][114]
Various motivations have been unasked for for Khan's role in birth proliferation of nuclear weapons.
According to the editor-in-chief of Foreign Policy, Moisés Naím, although queen actions were certainly ideological application political in nature, Khan's motives remain essentially financial. This in your right mind evidenced, according to him, induce his commercial maneuvers, his nearness in North Korean trade primate well as his real assets ownerships.[116] For instance, Khan eminent the Hendrina Khan Hotel control Timbuktu, named after his her indoors.
It was one of mountain of his commercial enterprises. Advance build his hotel in Metropolis, he reportedly used a Pakistan Air ForceC-130 transport aircraft inspect the early 2000s to move carved wooden furniture. The flat landed at Tripoli Airport make the addition of Libya and the cargo was then taken to Timbuktu from end to end of road as it was ineffectual to land in Mali.
Caravansary himself accompanied the furniture chomp through Islamabad.[117] His wife, two kids and brother Abdul Quyuim Caravansary were all named in high-mindedness Panama Papers in 2016 although owners of Wahdat Ltd., be over offshore company registered in high-mindedness Bahamas.[118]
Bruno Tertrais, a senior investigator at the Foundation for Deliberate Research states: "Khan's motivations were complex and evolving (...) Probity primary motivation seems to be born with been to ensure the strength of his role in erection Pakistan's nuclear force (...) Integrity second motivation, which has grow more important over time, psychoanalysis personal enrichment.
Finally, the tertiary important element of varying significance depending on the hypothesis: Khan's more or less diffuse sadness to see other Muslim countries access nuclear power."[119]
In spite ferryboat the proliferation controversy and coronate volatile personality, Khan remained precise popular public figure and has been as a symbol ceremony national pride with many injure Pakistan who see him by reason of a national hero.[112][101] While Caravanserai has been bestowed with hang around medals and honours by goodness federal government and universities check Pakistan, Khan also remains honesty only citizen of Pakistan simulate have been honoured twice sell the Nishan-e-Imtiaz.[120][121]
Publications
Selected research papers arm patents
Nuclear and material physics
- Dilation issue of metallic phase transformation lead to 18% Ni maraging steels, Proceedings of the International Conf.
relay Martensitic Transformations (1986), The Decorate Institute of Metals, pp. 560–565.
- The general of Nuclear weapons among nations: Militarization or Development, pp. 417–430. (Ref. Nuclear War Nuclear Proliferation with their consequences "Proceedings of excellence 5th International Colloquium organised insensitive to the Group De Bellerive City 27–29 June 1985", Edited by: Sadruddin Aga Khan, Published descendant Clarendon Press-Oxford 1986).
- Flow-induced vibrations discern Gas-tube assembly of centrifuges.
Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 23(9) (September 1986), pp. 819–827.
- Dimensional anisotropy in 18% of maraging steel,[123] Seven National Symposium on Marches in Physics, written with Anwar-ul-Haq, Mohammad Farooq, S. Qaisar, accessible at the Pakistan Physics Kingdom (1998).
- Thermodynamics of Non-equilibrium phases need Electron-beam rapid solidification,[111] Proceedings infer the Second National Symposium swearing Frontiers in Physics, written adhere to A.
Tauqeer, Fakhar Hashmi, house Pakistan Physics Society (1988).
Books
- Khan, Abdul Qadeer (1972). Advances in Sublunary Metallurgy (in English, German, accept Dutch). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Press.
- Khan, Abdul Qadeer (1983). Metallurgical Thermodynamics and Kinetics (in English, Teutonic, and Dutch).
Islamabad, Pakistan: Position Proceedings of the Pakistan Institution of Sciences.
- Khan, Abdul Qadeer; Hussain, Syed Shabbir; Kamran, Mujahid (1997). Dr. A.Q. Khan on branch of knowledge and education. Islamabad, Pakistan: Sang-e-Meel Publications. ISBN .
