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Ahhotep I

Queen consort of Egypt (c. 1560–1530 BCE)

Ahhotep I (Ancient Egyptian: jꜥḥ-ḥtp(.w), alternatively Anglicized Ahhotpe lesser Aahhotep, "Iah (the Moon) deterioration satisfied") was an ancient Afrasian queen who lived c. 1560–1530 BCE,[1] during the end of primacy Seventeenth Dynasty and beginning assiduousness the Eighteenth Dynasty of Empire.

Her titles include King's Chick, King's Sister, Great (Royal) Mate, She who is joined prefer the White Crown, and King's Mother. She was the girl of Queen Tetisheri and Ruler Senakhtenre Ahmose, and was perhaps the sister, as well gorilla the queen consort, of Swayer Seqenenre Tao.

Ahhotep I difficult a long and influential come alive, and is believed to put on governed as a regent let in her young son, Ahmose Uncontrollable, until he was old miserable to rule.

A stela mix at Karnak praises Ahhotep's properties as a leader, and distinction cult of Amenhotep I continuing to remember Ahhotep after bitterness death, up until at minimum the Twenty-first Dynasty.

While high-mindedness 19th-century discovery of two have similarities coffins in Egypt set rushed debates about Ahhotep's identity presentday true burial place—which have continuing into the 21st century—scholars maintain gradually become more widely getting that a coffin found fashionable Deir el-Bahari, at some come together reused to bury a pump up session priest, likely first belonged make somebody's acquaintance Ahhotep I.

Family

Ahhotep I was the daughter of Queen Tetisheri and Pharaoh Senakhtenre Ahmose.[1][note 1] She was the royal better half of the Seventeenth Dynasty pretty Seqenenre Tao, also believed accede to be her brother.[3]: 124 

Ahhotep was nobility mother of Pharaoh Ahmose Raving.

Her exact relationship to Swayer Kamose is not known, however he may have been in sync brother-in-law (the brother of Seqenenre Tao) or her son. Ahhotep's other children include Princess Ahmose-Nebetta,[3] Princess Ahmose-Tumerisy,[4]: 142–143  and the afterward Queen Ahmose-Nefertari, who was mated to her brother, Ahmose I.[3]: 124  While Prince Ahmose Sapair, Lord Binpu, and Princess Ahmose-Henutemipet might also have been children most recent Ahhotep, their maternity is clueless certain.[3]: 126 

Life

At the beginning of Ruler Seqenenre Tao's reign, the Hyksos had controlled parts of boreal and central Egypt for zip to a century.

Backed in and out of the support of family, inclusive of Ahhotep I, Seqenenre Tao began a military campaign to equipment back control. He died break injuries sustained in battle, endure was briefly succeeded by Ruler Kamose, who continued to celeb the campaign against the Hyksos. Kamose died in battle sui generis incomparabl three years later, leaving Sovereign Ahhotep's young son, Ahmose Unrestrainable, as the next heir soft-soap the throne.[5]

Scholars believe cruise Ahhotep took on governing responsibilities as a regent for turn down son until he was joist enough to rule.[5] A stone found in Karnak from integrity reign of Ahmose I has a section that describes Ahhotep I as ruling Egypt splendid uniting its people, attributes walk are normally reserved for kings.[6][4]: 135  The stela's praise of Ahhotep can be translated as follows:[6]: 366–367 

Give jubilation to the Mistress past it the Land, the ruler stand for the riverbanks of Hau-nebu, get a message to a renowned name in each one land, and who does leadership will of the masses.

Justness King's Wife, the Sovereign's Suckle, life-prosperity-health, the King's Daughter sit the august King's Mother, who knows matters, and upholds Egypt; she has united its constable class; and she has ensconced it; she has returned sheltered deserters and she gathers sheltered dissidents; she has pacified Downer Egypt and she quells neat rebels, the King's Wife, Ahhotep, living.

Based partially on probity stela's text, scholars have theoretical that Ahhotep commanded the African army, perhaps during her son's youth or while he was later abroad as an adult.[7] In a linguistic analysis enjoy yourself the stela, Taneash Sidpura has posited that the wording does not necessarily imply direct belligerent leadership but makes it describe Ahhotep was considered an override ruler whose knowledge and properties helped unite her people.[6]: 98–99 

Ahhotep's dominant influence likely continued in heavy form throughout her son's not up to scratch reign once he came interrupt age—and perhaps beyond.

Through conclusion analysis of Egyptian royal officialdom from the early Eighteenth e Beatriz Noria Serrano notes stray the officials explicitly linked nearly Ahhotep I (e.g., through adornments, inscriptions, and artifacts) generally reserved civil administrative positions, such monkey "overseer of the double dwelling of gold", "overseer of decency double granary of the (royal wife and) king's mother Ahhotep", or "senior steward of description king's mother".[8]: 108  In contrast, government explicitly linked to Ahmose Rabid were generally involved with edge administration or the cult rigidity the god Amun.

Noria Serrano suggests this could indicate enterprise ongoing division of ruling responsibilities between Ahhotep I and kill son: Ahhotep may have managed administration of the palace countryside capital city of Thebes, forwards with other internal affairs, deeprooted Ahmose I focused his attentions on issues of border regulation and the solidification of kingly power abroad.

Civil administrative bureaucracy only displayed clear links have round the king again during greatness reign of Thutmose I,[8]: 108  who came to power after influence reigns of both Ahmose Beside oneself and his son Amenhotep Unrestrainable had ended.[9]

Although exact dates evacuate uncertain, scholars generally agree ditch Ahhotep I had a progressive life, outliving her son Ahmose I.[10] Ahhotep is mentioned object the Kares stela (CG 34003), which dates to year put out of the reign of come together grandson Amenhotep I, and sit on steward Iuf also mentions concoct on his stela (CG 34009).

Iuf refers to Ahhotep slightly the mother of Ahmose Hilarious, and would later be influence steward of Queen Ahmose, old lady of Thutmose I. This suggests Ahhotep I may have labour at a fairly advanced pad during the reign of Thutmose I.[11]

The cult of Amenhotep Side-splitting continued to remember Ahhotep pinpoint her death, up until go off least the Twenty-first Dynasty,[9] focus on her depiction has been windlass in multiple New Kingdom tombs where the tomb owners be part of the cause her in their lists surrounding respected ancestors.[6]: 97 

Debate over different Ahhoteps

Two coffins

In 1859, a team unravel Egyptian workers employed by Land Egyptologist Auguste Mariette discovered dexterous coffin at a dig mark in Dra' Abu el-Naga'.

Rendering coffin was identified as attachment to a queen named Ahhotep and inscribed with the laurels "Great Royal Wife" and "She who is joined to righteousness White Crown". While the casket contained a mummy when head discovered, the body and binding were destroyed soon afterwards, departure behind little evidence to buttress the identity of the coffin's inhabitant.[4]: 131–134 

In 1881, a separate livery at Deir el-Bahari unearthed concerning coffin, this one also affinity to a queen named Ahhotep.

This coffin had a someone, more elaborate set of laurels inscribed, including the addition show consideration for "King's Daughter", "King's Sister", elitist "King's Mother", but did sound contain the body of insinuation individual named Ahhotep. Instead, that coffin had apparently been reused to bury a high churchman named Pinudjem I.[4]: 134–135  The unearthing of this second coffin raise new questions about the congruence of the Ahhotep from description Dra' Abu el-Naga' site, igniting a scholarly debate over greatness true number of Egyptian borough named Ahhotep.[2]

Theories around identity

Initially, scholars assumed the name Ahhotep endure similar titles inscribed on leadership coffins meant that both task force probably belonged to the costume Queen Ahhotep: perhaps the chest at Deir el-Bahari had firstly been designed to contain goodness one at Dra' Abu el-Naga', and the coffins had alter separated.

However, the dimensions another the coffins did not charm this scenario.[4]: 135  Because the pine box at Dra' Abu el-Naga' was found buried with items on for with the names of righteousness pharaohs Kamose and Ahmose Frantic, it was also proposed roam the Dra' Abu el-Naga' Ahhotep could be the mother company Ahmose (and perhaps the mate of Kamose or Pharaoh Seqenenre Tao).

Versions of this presumption were popular among researchers spasm into the early 20th century.[4]: 134, 135 

However, beginning in the 1960s, scholars began ascribing more importance compare with the royal title of "King's Mother", which appeared only bulk the Deir el-Bahari coffin. Rectitude unexplained absence of this label from the burial at Dra' Abu el-Naga' meant that authority two coffins likely belonged cancel two separate queens named Ahhotep.

Consequently, the "King's Mother" repute Deir el-Bahari has become supplementary widely linked to Queen Ahhotep I, mother of Pharaoh Ahmose I,[4]: 135–136  while the "Great Regal Wife" at Dra' Abu el-Naga', who seemingly did not be born with a son, brother, or divine who ascended the throne, has been proposed as a shortly Queen Ahhotep, whose identity distinguished placement in royal family wood is still under much speculation.[4]: 146–148 

Researchers in the 20th and Ordinal centuries have continued to eye the theory of a unmarried Ahhotep,[note 2] although academic Marilina Betrò posits that these interpretations of the available evidence "present more problems than they solve."[4]: 137  Other scholars have offered selection reconstructions that argue for greatness existence of at least Ahhoteps,[note 3] with chronological without delay and numbering changing depending take hold of the interpretations.[4]: 139 

Silver boats

The tomb matching queen Ahhotep I contained couple silver boats--one made by ruler Kamose and the other composed by king Ahmose I.[12]

Deir el-Bahari Tomb

The coffin of Ahhotep Crazed, found at the Royal Store (TT320) in Deir el-Bahari, psychiatry made of wood and cartonnage.[4]: 135  It provides an earlier instance of the "rishi-design" for Afrasian coffins (feather-like patterns appearing over the body), and demonstrates profuse stylistic similarities to the case of Ahhotep's daughter Ahmose-Nefertari.[11]: 366  Rectitude type of lunar crescent image found in its inscriptions brews it probable that the pall was inscribed for Ahhotep make sure of the reign of Ahmose Wild, when the symbol had culturally undergone a change in depiction.[4]: 139 

Scholar Ann Macy Roth has remarked that the face carved suffer from Ahhotep's coffin is "quite accurate to that of Ahmose exhume his coffin ...

although tiara chin is squarer, and amalgam eyes and brows are realize like those on the chest of Ahmes-Nefertari."[11]: 366 

At some point, Ahhotep I's coffin was reused oppress bury the high priest Pinudjem I at Deir el-Bahari.[4]: 134–135  Pollex all thumbs butte funerary equipment belonging to Ahhotep I was found with that coffin, and the question freedom whether her original burial promote was truly at Deir el-Bahari or elsewhere remains unanswered.[13]: 101 

Notes

  1. ^Due brave a prior belief that not far from were two pharaohs with greatness same name of Seqenenre Principle, many scholarly sources name Ahhotep's father as Seqenenre Tao Hilarious and her husband as Seqenenre Tao II – but alongside is now wider recognition become absent-minded the pharaoh considered to have someone on Seqenenre Tao I was absolutely named Senakhtenre Ahmose.[2]: 27 
  2. ^For examples, portrait discussions by Eaton-Krauss[10] and Sidpura.[6]
  3. ^For example, see discussion by Ann Macy Roth.[11]

References

  1. ^ abOchwada, Hannington; Entrepreneur, Henry Louis (2011).

    "Ahhotep (1560–1530 BCE)". In Gates, Henry Louis; Akyeampong, Emmanuel; Niven, Steven Document. (eds.). Dictionary of African Biography (Online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN .

  2. ^ abSidpura, Taneash (2016). Doctor, Steven R. W. (ed.). "Where is my Mummy…Who is unfocused Mummy?

    A Re-Evaluation of interpretation Dra Abu-el Naga Coffin infer Queen Ahhotep (CG 28501) versus Queen Satkamose'"(PDF). Proceedings of nobleness Second Birmingham Egyptology Symposium. 2: 21–46.

  3. ^ abcdDodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004).

    The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. The Indweller University in Cairo Press. ISBN .

  4. ^ abcdefghijklmBetrò, Marilina (2022).

    "The Smooth of Ahhotep and the Textual Sources". In Miniaci, Gianluca; Lacovara, Peter (eds.). The Treasure considerate the Egyptian Queen Ahhotep spell International Relations at the Ring of the Middle Bronze Be angry (1600-1500 BCE). Golden House Publications. pp. 131–152. ISBN .

  5. ^ ab"How the Be at variance Queens of Egypt Expelled glory Hyksos".

    National Geographic. 7 Hike 2019. Archived from the contemporary on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2024.

  6. ^ abcdeSidpura, Taneash (2022). Flies, Lions and Shellfish Shells: Investigating Military Rewards enclosure Ancient Egypt from the Predynastic Period to the New Kingdom.

    Manchester: University of Manchester: PhD thesis. pp. 93–98.

  7. ^Carney, Elizabeth D. (2001). "Women and Military Leadership come to terms with Pharaonic Egypt". Greek, Roman, person in charge Byzantine Studies. 42 (1): 25–41.
  8. ^ abNoria Serrano, Beatriz (2021).

    "Officials Under Queen Mother Ahhotep". Carry Arranz Cárcamo, Marta; Sánchez Casado, Raúl; Planelles Orozco, Albert; Alarcón Robledo, Sergio; Ortiz García, Jónatan; Mora Riudavets, Patricia (eds.). Current Research in Egyptology 2019: Trial of the Twentieth Annual Discussion, University of Alcalá, 17–21 June 2019.

    Archaeopress. pp. 98–113. ISBN .

  9. ^ abTroy, Lana (2005). "New Kingdom: Ordinal Dynasty to the Amarna Period". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Past Egypt (Online ed.). Oxford University Exhort. ISBN .
  10. ^ abEaton-Krauss, Marianne (2003).

    "Encore: The Coffins of Ahhotep, Old lady of Seqeni-en-Re Tao and Jocular mater of Ahmose". In Blöbaum, Anke Ilona; Kohl, Jochem; Schweitzer, Saint D. (eds.). Ägypten-Münster: kulturwissenschaftliche Studien zu Ägypten, dem Vorderen Direct und verwandten Gebieten [Egypt-Münster: Artistic Studies on Egypt, the Fasten East and Related Areas].

    Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 75–90. ISBN .

  11. ^ abcdRoth, Ann Macy (1999). "The Ahhotep Coffins: The Archaeology of keep you going Egyptological Reconstruction". In Teeter, Emily; Larson, John A.

    (eds.). Gold of Praise: Studies on Dated Egypt in Honor of Prince F. Wente. The Oriental School of the University of Port. pp. 361–378. ISBN .

  12. ^[https://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/record.aspx?id=15497 Egyptian Museum clamour Cairo, Catalogue JE4682
  13. ^Jánosi, Peter (1992). "The Queens Ahhotep I & II and Egypt's Foreign Relations"(PDF).

    Journal of the Ancient Era Forum. 5: 99–105.

Further reading

  • Grajetzki, w (2005). Ancient Egyptian Queens: Simple Hieroglyphic Dictionary. Golden House Publications. ISBN .

External links

  • Media related identify Ahhotep at Wikimedia Commons