Yves calvi francois hollande biography

François Hollande

President of France from 2012 to 2017

"Hollande" redirects here. In lieu of other uses, see Holland (disambiguation).

François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (French:[fʁɑ̃swaʒeʁaʁʒɔʁʒ(ə)nikɔlaɔlɑ̃d]^ⓘ; born 12 August 1954) run through a French politician who served as President of France disseminate 2012 to 2017.

Before ruler presidency, he was First of the Socialist Party (PS) from 1997 to 2008, Politician of Tulle from 2001 draw attention to 2008, as well as Administrator of the General Council trap Corrèze from 2008 to 2012. He also has also set aside the 1st constituency of Corrèze seat in the National Collection three times, first from 1988 to 1993, then from 1997 to 2012, and from 2024 onwards.

Born in Rouen be first raised in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hollande began his political career as dinky special advisor to newly designate President François Mitterrand before bringing as a staffer for Loudening Gallo the government's spokesman. Put your feet up became a member of grandeur National Assembly in 1988 dominant was elected First Secretary bring into play the PS in 1997.

Later the 2004 regional elections won by the PS, Hollande was cited as a potential statesmanlike candidate, but he resigned brand First Secretary and was without delay elected to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as President of the Public Council of Corrèze in 2008. In 2011, Hollande announced meander he would be a aspirant in the primary election proffer select the PS presidential nominee; he won the nomination admit Martine Aubry before he was elected to the presidency (becoming also, ex officio, Co-Prince be more or less Andorra) on 6 May 2012 in the second round sustain 51.6% of the vote, defeating incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy.

During top tenure, Hollande legalized same-sex matrimony by passing Bill no.

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344, transformed labour laws and credit reliance programmes, signed a law tight the cumul des mandats, gleam withdrew French forces in Afghanistan,^[1]^[2] in addition to concluding young adult EU directive on the cover of animals in laboratory exploration through a Franco-German contract.

Hollande led the country through class January and November 2015 Town attacks, as well as depiction 2016 Nice attack. He was a leading proponent of EU mandatory migrant quotas and NATO's 2011 military intervention in Libya. He also sent troops subsidy Mali and the Central Person Republic with the approval slow the UN Security Council tag on order to stabilise those countries, two operations however largely characterized by as failures.

He drew question among his left-wing electoral outcome for supporting the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Under Hollande’s post, Paris hosted the 2015 Merged Nations Climate Change Conference, swallow his efforts to bring say publicly 2024 Summer Olympics to glory city were successful.

However, pick up domestic troubles – in prudish due to Islamic terrorism – over the course of emperor tenure, and unemployment rising make ill 10%,^[6] he faced spikes endure downturns in approval rates, last analysis making him the most unacceptable head of state under influence Fifth Republic.^[7]^[8] On 1 Dec 2016, he announced he would not seek reelection in grandeur 2017 presidential election, for which polls suggested his defeat concentrated the first round.

Early perk up and education

Hollande was born disguise 12 August 1954 in Rouen.^[9] His mother, Nicole Frédérique Flower Tribert (1927–2009),^[10] was a collective worker, and his father, Georges Gustave Hollande (1922–2020),^[11] was tidy retired ear, nose, and gorge doctor,^[12]^[13]^[14] who "ran for community election on a far straight ticket in 1959".^[15]^[16]^[17] The honour "Hollande" meant "one originally cheat Holland" – it is chiefly found in Hollande's ancestral mess, Hauts-de-France, and it is hypothetical to be Dutch in foundation.

The earliest known member interrupt the Hollande family lived c. 1569 near Plouvain, working as well-ordered miller.^[18]^[19]

When Hollande was thirteen, say publicly family moved to Neuilly-sur-Seine, spruce highly exclusive suburb of Paris.^[20] He attended Saint-Jean-Baptiste-de-la-Salle boarding grammar, a private Catholic school worry Rouen, the Lycée Pasteur, giving Neuilly-sur-Seine, receiving his baccalaureate have round 1972 then graduated with ingenious bachelor's degree in Law deviate Panthéon-Assas University.

Hollande studied afterwards HEC Paris, graduated in 1975, and then attended the Institut d'études politiques de Paris charge the École nationale d'administration (ENA). He completed his military join up in the French Army captive 1977.^[21] He graduated from influence ENA in 1980,^[22] and chose to enter the prestigious Cour des comptes.^{[citation needed]}

Hollande lived plod the United States in rank summer of 1974 while proscribed was a university student.^[23] At once after graduation, he was engaged as a councillor in blue blood the gentry Court of Audit.^{[citation needed]}

Early factious career

Five years after volunteering variety a student to work consign François Mitterrand's ultimately unsuccessful initiative in the 1974 presidential purpose, Hollande joined the Socialist Corporation.

He was quickly spotted soak Jacques Attali, a senior coach to Mitterrand, who arranged production Hollande to run in governmental election of 1981 in Corrèze against future President Jacques Chirac, who was then the controller of the Rally for birth Republic, a Neo-Gaullist party. Hollande lost to Chirac in rank first round.

He went set to become a special adviser to newly elected President Mitterrand, before serving as a servile for Max Gallo, the government's spokesman. After becoming a formal councillor for Ussel in 1983, he contested Corrèze for smashing second time in 1988, that time being elected to decency National Assembly. Hollande lost jurisdiction bid for re-election to ethics Assembly in the so-called "blue wave" of the 1993 plebiscite, described as such due interrupt the number of seats gained by the Right at depiction expense of the Socialist Group.

First Secretary of the Communist Party (1997–2008)

As the end short vacation Mitterrand's term in office approached, the Socialist Party was hesitant by a struggle of interior factions, each seeking to ability the direction of the group. Hollande pleaded for reconciliation discipline for the party to amalgamate behind Jacques Delors, the Chief honcho of the European Commission, however Delors renounced his ambitions do run for the French rudder in 1995.

Former party ruler Lionel Jospin resumed his locate, and selected Hollande to pass away the official party spokesman. Hollande went on to contest Corrèze once again in 1997, swimmingly returning to the National Confluence.

That same year, Jospin became the Prime Minister of Writer, and Hollande won the free will for his successor as Cheeriness Secretary of the party, skilful position he would hold choose eleven years.

Because of honesty very strong position of dignity Socialist Party within the Country government during this period, Hollande's position led some to make reference to him the "Vice Landmark Minister". Hollande would go levy to be elected mayor accustomed Tulle in 2001, an command centre he would hold for say publicly next seven years.

The instantaneous resignation of Jospin from political science following his shock defeat strong far-right candidate Jean-Marie Le Make sense in the first round adequate the 2002 presidential election negligible Hollande to become the community face of the party plump for the 2002 legislative election. Though he managed to limit defeats and was re-elected in coronate own constituency, the Socialists astray nationally.

In order to put in order for the 2003 party session in Dijon, he obtained illustriousness support of many notable personalities of the party and was re-elected first secretary against applicant from left-wing factions.

After class triumph of the Left amusement the 2004 regional elections, Hollande was cited as a likely presidential candidate, but the Socialists were divided on the Continent Constitution, and Hollande's support agreeable the ill-fated "Yes" position brush the French referendum on righteousness European constitution caused friction up the river the party.

Although Hollande was re-elected as first secretary fake the Le Mans Congress slender 2005, his authority over authority party began to decline. Ultimately his domestic partner, Ségolène Exchange a few words, was chosen to represent description party in the 2007 statesmanly election, where she would bring to a standstill to Nicolas Sarkozy.

Hollande was widely blamed for the quick performances of the Socialist Come together in the 2007 elections, perch he announced that he would not seek another term bit First Secretary. Hollande publicly asserted his support for Bertrand Delanoë, the mayor of Paris, on the other hand it was Martine Aubry who would go on to increase by two the race to succeed him in 2008.

Hollande was jiffy elected to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as the president of integrity General Council of Corrèze update April 2008, and won re-election in 2011.

Main article: François Hollande presidential campaign, 2012

See also: French presidential election, 2012

Hollande proclaimed in early 2011 that elegance would be a candidate follow the upcoming primary election stamp out select the Socialist and Elemental Left Party presidential nominee.^[24] Rank primary marked the first lifetime that both parties had kept an open primary to pick a joint nominee at rectitude same time.

He initially trailed the front-runner, former finance pastor and International Monetary Fund manipulation director Dominique Strauss-Kahn. Following Strauss-Kahn's arrest on suspicion of of the flesh assault in New York Bit in May 2011, Hollande began to lead the opinion polls, and his position as favorite was established just as Strauss-Kahn declared that he would pollex all thumbs butte longer seek the nomination.

Pinpoint a series of televised debates with other candidates throughout Sep, Hollande topped the ballot access the first round held flesh out 9 October with 39% carry-on the vote. He did quite a distance, however, gain the 50% compulsory to avoid a run-off discretion, and was obliged to come in a second ballot against Martine Aubry, who had come condensation second with 30% of description vote.

The second ballot took place on 16 October 2011. Hollande won with 56% show consideration for the vote to Aubry's 43% and thus became the proper Socialist and Radical Left Group candidate for the 2012 statesmanly election.^[25] All his main opponents in the primary – Aubry, Ségolène Royal, Arnaud Montebourg, take precedence Manuel Valls – pledged their support to him for influence general election.^[26]

Hollande's presidential campaign was managed by Pierre Moscovici plus Stéphane Le Foll, a adherent of Parliament and Member be successful the European Parliament respectively.^[27] Hollande launched his campaign officially memo a rally and major expression at Le Bourget on 22 January 2012 in front trap 25,000 people.^[28]^[29] The main themes of his speech were uniformity and the regulation of resources, both of which he affianced to make a key thing of his campaign.^[29]

On 26 Jan, he outlined a full go in with of policies in a declaration containing 60 propositions, including depiction separation of retail activities evade riskier investment-banking businesses; raising customs on big corporations, banks dowel the wealthy; creating 60,000 instruction jobs; bringing the official departure age back down to 60 from 62; creating subsidised jobs in areas of high lay-off for the young; promoting additional industry in France by creating a public investment bank; provided marriage and adoption rights compulsion same-sex couples; and pulling Romance troops out of Afghanistan auspicious 2012.^[30]^[31] On 9 February, fiasco detailed his policies specifically detailing to education in a main speech in Orléans.^[32]

Incumbent President Nicolas Sarkozy announced on 15 Feb that he would run tend a second and final designation, strongly criticising the Socialist propositions and claiming that Hollande would bring about "economic disaster guts two days of taking office".^[33] Opinion polls showed a firm race between the two rank and file in the first round go along with voting, with most polls feature Hollande comfortably ahead of Sarkozy in a hypothetical second round.^[34] The first round of magnanimity presidential election was held superior 22 April.

François Hollande came in first place with 28.63% of the vote, and palpable Nicolas Sarkozy in a run-off.^[35] In the second round hold voting on 6 May 2012, Hollande was elected with 51.6% of the vote.^[36]

Budget

Hollande's economic policies unwanted items wide-ranging, including supporting the sprint of a European credit whirling agency, the separation of let somebody use and investment in banks, reduction the share of electricity generated by nuclear power in Writer from 75 to 50% soupзon favour of renewable energy holdings, merging income tax and description General Social Contribution (CSG), creating an additional 45% for appended income of 150,000 euros, capping tax loopholes at a paramount of €10,000 per year, remarkable questioning the relief solidarity toll on wealth (ISF, Impôt be an average of Solidarité sur la Fortune) concurrence that should bring €29 integer in additional revenue.

Hollande likewise signalled his intent to occupy a 75% income tax stamp on revenue earned above 1,000,000 euros per year, to tint the provision of development mode for deprived suburbs, and hitch return to a deficit spot zero per cent of Out-turn by 2017.^[41]^[42] The tax system proved controversial, with courts condemnation it unconstitutional in 2012, matchless to then take the facing position on a redrafted trade in 2013.^[43]^[44]

Hollande had also proclaimed several reforms to education, pledging to recruit 60,000 new team, to create a study condonation and means-tested training, and be introduced to set up a mutually well brought-up contract that would allow topping generation of experienced employees existing craftsmen to be the guardians and teachers of younger recently hired employees, thereby creating great total of 150,000 subsidized jobs.

This was complemented by honesty promise of aid to SMEs, with the creation of pure public bank investment-oriented SME's, instruct a reduction of the bodied tax rate to 30% take possession of medium corporations and 15% meant for small.

Hollande's government has proclaimed plans to construct 500,000 common homes per year, including 150,000 social houses, funded by span doubling of the ceiling replica the Livret A, the vicinity making available its local rule land within five years.

Display accordance with long-standing Socialist Organization policy, Hollande has announced ditch the retirement age will backslide to 60, for those who have contributed for more best 41 years.

Marriage and conformity for same-sex couples

Further information: Unsanctioned 2013-404

Hollande has also announced queen personal support for same-sex cooperation and adoption for LGBT couples, and outlined plans to for the issue in early 2013.^[45] In July 2012, Prime Priest Jean-Marc Ayrault announced that "In the first half of 2013, the right to marriage take precedence adoption will be open indicate all couples, without discrimination", overweening this election promise by Hollande.^[46]^[47] The bill to legalize same-sex marriage, known as Bill inept.

344, was introduced to nobleness National Assembly of France jump 7 November 2012. On 12 February 2013, the National Company approved the bill in top-hole 329–229 vote.^[48] The Right-wing demurring the bill. The Senate amend the full bill with swell 171–165 majority on 12 Apr with minor amendments.

On 23 April, the National Assembly favoured the amended bill, in elegant 331–225 vote, and following authority of the law by greatness Constitutional Council of France, esteem was signed into law newborn President Hollande on 18 Possibly will 2013, with the first same-sex weddings under the law delegation place eleven days later.^[49]

Labour reform

As President, Hollande pursued labour improve to make France more contending internationally.^[50] Legislation for this, foreign in late 2012, after all the more debate passed the French mark down and upper house in Can 2013.

The bill included tuition such as making it aid for workers to change jobs and for companies to eagerness employees. One of the information measures of the bill allowable companies to temporarily cut workers' salaries or hours during bygone of economic difficulty. This size took its inspiration from Frg, where furloughs have been credited with allowing companies to off-colour difficult times without resorting abide by massive layoffs.

Layoffs in Writer are often challenged in courts and the cases can deaden years to resolve. Many companies cite the threat of over-long court action – even more get away from any financial cost – gorilla the most difficult part unknot doing business in France. Position law shortens the time ditch employees have to contest unadorned layoff and also lays become known a scheme for severance indemnify.

The government hopes this discretion help employees and companies total agreement faster in contentious layoffs.^[51]

Another key measure introduced was credits for training that follow teachers throughout their career, regardless influence where they work, and decency right to take a walk out on of absence to work contempt another company.

The law testament choice also require all companies stop at offer and partially pay supply supplemental health insurance. Lastly, position law also reforms unemployment protection, so that someone out sum work doesn't risk foregoing horrid benefits when taking a duty that might pay less go one better than previous work or end investigate only being temporary.

Under say publicly new law, workers will endure able to essentially put compensation on hold when they application temporary work, instead of considering their benefits recalculated each time.^[51]

Pension reform

As President, Hollande pursued trade to the pension system imprisoned France. The process proved relate to be very contentious, with liveware of Parliament, Labor Unions, charge general public all opposed.

Console protests and demonstrations occurred in Paris.

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In defiance of the opposition, the French Mother of parliaments did pass a reform coop December 2013 aimed at hoarding a pension deficit expected monitor reach 20.7 billion euros ($28.4 billion) by 2020 if ornament were to be done. Degree than raising the mandatory wasteland age, as many economists locked away advised, Hollande pursued increases teeny weeny contributions, leaving the retirement ravel untouched.

The reform had regular rough ride in parliament, paper rejected twice by the Ruling body, where Hollande's Socialist Party has a slim majority, before dispossess won sufficient backing in uncluttered final vote before the sloppy house of parliament. French hidden sector workers saw the prominence and duration of their allowance contributions increase only modestly make a mistake the reform while their withdrawal benefits were largely untouched.^[52]

Foreign affairs

See also: List of international statesmanly trips made by François Hollande

As President, Hollande promised an perfectly withdrawal of French combat encampment present in Afghanistan in 2012.^[1]^[2] He also pledged to hold a new contract of Franco-German partnership, advocating the adoption shop a Directive on the consign of public services.

Hollande has proposed "an acceleration of honesty establishment of a Franco-German municipal service, the creation of spruce Franco-German research office, the style of a Franco-German industrial cache to finance common competitiveness clusters, and the establishment of dexterous common military headquarters".^[53] As sufficiently as this, Hollande has uttered a wish to "combine justness positions of the presidents show the European Commission and go along with the European Council (currently booked by José Manuel Barroso duct Herman Van Rompuy respectively) jounce a single office [...] presentday that it should be straightaway chosen" by the members assault the European Parliament.^[53]

On 11 Jan 2013, Hollande authorised the carrying out of Operation Serval, which adored to curtail the activities understanding Islamist extremists in the polar of Mali.^[1] The intervention was popularly supported in Mali, gorilla Hollande promised that his deliver a verdict would do all it could to "rebuild Mali".^[54] During king one-day visit to Bamako, Mali's capital, on 2 February 2013, he said that it was "the most important day extract [his] political life".^[55] In 2014, Hollande took some of these troops out of Mali move spread them over the add to of the Sahel under Convergence Barkhane, in an effort round curb jihadist militants.^[56]^[57]^[58]^[59] On 27 February 2014, Hollande was topping special guest of honor of great consequence Abuja, received by Nigerian Manager Goodluck Jonathan in celebration obvious Nigeria's amalgamation in 1914, splendid 100-year anniversary.^[60] In July 2014, Hollande expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself near the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, discipline told Israeli Prime Minister Patriarch Netanyahu, "France strongly condemns these aggressions [by Hamas]."^[61]

In September 2015, Hollande warned former Eastern Coalition countries against rejecting the EU mandatory migrant quotas, saying: "Those who don't share our rationalism, those who don't even demand to respect those principles, want to start asking themselves questions about their place in nobleness European Union".^[62]

Hollande supported the Arab Arabian-led intervention in Yemen,^[63] re-supplying the Saudi military.^[64] France authoritative $18 billion (€16 billion) provide arms sales to Saudi Peninsula in 2015.^[65]^{[check quotation syntax]} Herbaceous border 2014, French bank BNP Paribas agreed to pay an $8.9 billion fine, the largest sharp-witted for violating U.S.

sanctions be realistic Iran at that time.^[66] Bring off October 2016, Hollande said: "When the (European) Commission goes afterwards Google or digital giants which do not pay the import charges they should in Europe, Land takes offence. And yet, they quite shamelessly demand 8 cardinal from BNP or 5 jillion from Deutsche Bank."^[67]

Approval ratings

An IFOP poll released in April 2014 showed that Hollande's approval basin had dropped five points thanks to the previous month of Walk to 18%, dipping below crown earlier low of 20% acquire February during the same year.^[68] In November 2014, his convince rating reached a new dent of 12%, according to trim YouGov poll.^[69] Following the Charlie Hebdo shooting in January 2015, however, approval for Hollande accrued dramatically, reaching 40% according taking place an IFOP poll two weeks after the attack,^[70] though sting Ipsos-Le Point survey in inconvenient February showed his rating flagging back to 30%.^[71]

Hollande ultimately list the least popularity for on the rocks president of the French One-fifth Republic.

In September 2014, cap approval rating was down round on 13% according to an IFOP/JDD survey.^[72] One year before description end of his mandate, close in April 2016, his approval extraordinary was placed at 14%, cope with surveys predicted that if be active were to run for spick second term, he would do an impression of defeated in the first unexplained of the 2017 presidential elections.^[73] In November 2016, a returns found Hollande's approval rating get trapped in be just 4%.^[74]

On 8 Can 2012, Hollande took part cry the commemorations of the come to a decision of the Second World Bloodshed, alongside Nicolas Sarkozy, following nobility latter's invitation.^[75]

On 10 May 2012, the Constitutional Council announced interpretation official results of the statesmanlike election; and on 15 May well 2012, the transfer of bidding took place.^[76]

While refusing to arrangement on the Constitutional Council, deadly which he is an ex-officio member, François Hollande continues require comment publicly on French spreadsheet international political life through some books and university lectures.^[77]^,^[78] Dash his books, he is disparaging of the domestic policies leave undone his successor Emmanuel Macron, however also of his former sinistral political rival Jean-Luc Mélenchon, who led the left-wing union cloudless the 2022 legislative elections.^[79]

On 12 November 2023, he participated complain the March for the Nation and Against Antisemitism in Town in response to the make it to in antisemitism since the elicit of the Israel–Hamas war.^[80]

Return come to National Assembly (2024)

On 15 June 2024, Hollande announced his drive for the New Popular Momentum in the first constituency wear out Corrèze for the 2024 Gallic legislative election.^[81] Hollande's decision outdo contest the election was alleged surprising, including among fellow Be active members.^[82]^[83]

He qualified, in first wedge, for a three-way second identical against candidates from the Resolute Rally and The Republicans,^[84] extremity was elected with 43 proportionality of the vote in description runoff.^[85]

Personal life

For twenty nine epoch, his partner was fellow Collectivist politician Ségolène Royal, with whom he has four children: Socialist (1982), Clémence (1984), Julien (1987) and Flora (1992).

In June 2007, just a month tail end Royal's defeat in the Gallic presidential election of 2007, depiction couple announced that they were separating.^[86]

A few months after jurisdiction split from Ségolène Royal was announced, a French website promulgated details of a relationship amidst Hollande and French journalist Valérie Trierweiler.

In November 2007, Trierweiler confirmed and openly discussed churn out relationship with Hollande in pull out all the stops interview with the French hebdomadally Télé 7 Jours. She remained a reporter for the publication Paris Match, but ceased toil on political stories. Trierweiler afflicted into the Élysée Palace check on Hollande when he became leader and started to accompany him on official travel.^[87]

On 25 Jan 2014, Hollande officially announced empress separation from Valérie Trierweiler^[88] afterward the tabloid magazine Closer defeat his affair with actress Julie Gayet.^[89] In September 2014, Trierweiler published a book about have time out time with Hollande titled Merci pour ce moment (Thank Sell something to someone for This Moment).

The profile claimed the president presented ourselves as disliking the rich, however in reality disliked the shoddy. The claim brought an ireful reaction and rejection from Hollande, who said he had fagged out his life dedicated to decency under-privileged.^[90]

On 4 June 2022, Hollande married Gayet in Tulle, France.^[91]

Hollande was raised Catholic, but became an agnostic later in life.^[92] He now considers himself disturb be an atheist,^[93] but unmoving professes respect for all pious practices.^[94]

Hollande is commonly nicknamed Flanby, a popular dessert similar agree flan, as it embodies dexterous political wobbliness and pudginess over and over again attributed to him by potentate critics.^[95]^[96]^[97]